Upper structure

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In jazz music, the term upper structure or upper structure triad refers to a voicing approach developed by jazz pianists and arrangers defined by the sounding of a major or minor triad in the uppermost pitches of a more complex harmony.

Video Upper structure

Examples

Example 1: Below, a common voicing used by jazz pianists is given for the chord C^7?9 (C major chord with a minor 7th, and extended with an augmented 9th).

In the lower-stave the notes E? and B? are given. These form a tritone which defines the dominant sound, and are the major 3rd and flattened 7th of the C^7?9 chord.

In the upper-stave the notes E?, G, and B? are given together: these form an E? major triad.

This E? major triad is what would be called the upper structure. Considered in relation to the root C, the notes of this E? major triad function, respectively, as the sharpened ninth (actually a flattened tenth, enharmonically equal to the sharpened ninth which forms the root of the E? major chord), fifth, and seventh in relation to that root.

(Note: the root C is omitted here, and is often done so by jazz pianists for ease of playing, or because a bass player is present.)

Example 2: The following example illustrates the notes of an F? minor triad functioning as part of a C^13?9?11 chord (C major chord with a minor 7th, minor ninth, augmented 11th, and major 13th):

In relation to the root of C, the C? (enharmonic with D?) functions as a flattened ninth, the F? functions as a sharpened eleventh, and the A functions as the thirteenth.

Maps Upper structure

Application

Determining which additional pitches can be juxtaposed with the chord is achieved by considering the relationship between a particular chord and the scale it implies. An example follows:

1. The chord C^13?9?11 contains the following notes, from the root upwards: C, E, G, B?, D?, F?, A;
2. The following octatonic scale contains all of these pitches, and fits/matches up with the C^13?9?11 chord: C-D?-D?-E-F?-G-A-B?-C; these scale elements form a pool from which melodic and harmonic devices might be devised.

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Shorthand notation

Common jazz parlance refers to upper structures by way of the interval between the root of the bottom chord and the root of the triad juxtaposed above it. For instance, in example one above (C^7?9) the triad of E? major is a (compound) minor 3rd away from C (root of the bottom chord). Thus, this upper structure can be called upper structure flat three, or US?III for short.

Example two (C^13?9?11) is called upper structure sharp four minor, and can be written shorthand as US?iv.

Other possible upper structures are:

• USII - e.g. D major over C⁷, resulting in C^13?11
• US?V - e.g. G? major over C⁷, resulting in C^7?9?11
• US?VI - e.g. A? major over C⁷, resulting in C^7?9?13
• USVI - e.g. A major over C⁷, resulting in C^13?9
• USi - e.g. C minor over C⁷, resulting in C^7?9
• US?ii - e.g. D? minor over C⁷, resulting in C^7?9?13
• US?iii - e.g. E? minor over C⁷, resulting in C^7?9?11

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Recordings

A quintessential example of a pianist using upper structures is Bill Evans's playing on "Blue in Green", from Miles Davis's Kind of Blue.

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See also

• Extended harmony
• Jazz chord
• Jazz scales
• Polychord
• Chordioid

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Sources

Source of article : Wikipedia